THE  PRESENT  CONDITION 


OF 


THE  MISSION  INDIANS 

OF  CALIFORNIA. 


REPORT  OF  A RECENT  VISIT 

BY 


PROF.  C.  C.  PAINTER. 


PHILADELPHIA  : 

OFFICE  OF  THE  INDIAN  RIGHTS  ASSOCIATION, 
No.  1316  Filbert  Street. 

1887. 


The  Indian  Rights  Association  represents  practical  and 
business-like  aims  and  methods  for  the  solution  of  the 
Indian  problem.  It  has  no  interest  in  extreme  or  eccen- 
tric theories  or  plans. 

By  direct  investigation  on  the  various  reservations,  it  has 
obtained  an  acquaintance  with  the  actual  condition  of  the 
Indians,  and  with  the  general  administration  of  the  Indian 
service,  which  is  unequalled  in  extent  and  accuracy. 

The  Association  co-operates  with  the  Government  in  all 
measures  and  efforts  tending  to  the  advancement  of  the 
Indians  toward  self-support.  It  favors  the  immediate 
adoption  of  a system  for  the  education  of  all  Indian  chil- 
dren ; the  extension  of  law  over  the  reservations,  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  rights  of  both  Indians  and  white  men;  the 
allotment  of  lands  to  individual  Indians,  and  the  breaking 
up  of  the  tribal  organization,  which  is  the  real  citadel  of 
savagery.  The  passage  of  the  general  land  in  severalty  bill 
is  the  beginning  of  a new  order  of  things. 

The  need  of  the  direct  observation  of  facts  in  the  Indian 
country,  and  of  assistance  and  redress  for  Indians  in  cases 
of  flagrant  wrong  and  encroachment,  increases  every  year. 
The  opportunities  of  the  Association  were  never  so  great 
as  now.  The  natural  growth  of  its  work  requires  increased 
means  to  sustain  it.  Intelligent  and  public-spirited  citizens 
are  invited  to  examine  the  work  of  the  Association,  and  to 
aid  in  the  accomplishment  of  its  objects. 

HERBERT  WELSH, 

Corresponding  Secretary, 

1316  Filbert  Street,  Philadelphia. 


A VISIT 


TO  THE 


MISSION  INDIANS 


CALIFORNIA. 


BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  C.  PAINTER. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

INDIAN  RIGHTS  ASSOCIATIOxN. 
No.  1316  Filbert  Street. 

1887. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/visittomissioninOOpai 


A VISIT  TO  THE  MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


BY  PROF.  CHARLES  C.  PAINTER. 


A brief  recapitulation  of  facts  would  seem  to  be  the  best  in- 
troduction to,  and  explanation  of,  the  following  report  of  my 
recent  visit  to  the  Mission  Indians  of  California. 

In  my  report  of  a previous  visit,  published  by  the  Indian  Rights 
Association,  it  was  stated  that:  “At  my  earnest  request  the 
Government  has  appointed  special  counsel  to  take  up  and  defend 
the  rights  of  these  Indians,  but  appointed  him  to  serve  without 
compensation.  It  seems  evident,  therefore,  that  this  effort  must 
be  sustained  and  pushed  by  our  Association.” 

It  is  known  to  many  that  the  Indian  Rights  Association 
became  responsible  for  the  fees  of  Mr.  Ward,  the  special  counsel 
appointed  by  the  Attorney-General,  neither  the  Department  of 
Justice  nor  the  Interior  Department  having  any  funds  to  use 
for  such  purposes.  The  case  of  Byrnes  vs.  The  San  Jacinto 
Indians  came  to  trial  last  summer,  and  was  decided  in  favor 
of  the  plaintiff,  and,  failing  to  induce  the  Government  to  stand 
sponsor  for  the  case,  and  assume  responsibility  for  costs  and 
indemnity  to  plaintiff  pending  an  appeal  to  the  Supreme 
Court,  the  Secretary  of  the  Indian  Rights  Association  gave  his 
personal  check  for  S3300,  which  has  been  deposited  with  the 
clerk  of  the  Court  for  San  Diego  County,  California,  to  await 
the  issue  of  this  appeal. 

By  the  timely  arrival  of  this  check,  the  immediate  ejectment 
of  200  Indians  from  the  homes  and  lands  on  which,  by  con- 
cession of  plaintiff,  they  have  lived  continuously  since  1815,  was 
delayed  at  least  until  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  shall  con- 
firm the  decree  of  the  lower  court. 

It  thus  appears  that  the  Indian  Rights  Association  has 
addressed  itself  earnestly  to  the  effort  to  settle  definitely  the 
question  whether  or  not  these  poor  people  have  a valid  legal,  as 
they  undoubtedly  have  an  equitable,  title  to  their  lands.  It  also 
appears  that  the  Association  has  become  pecuniarily  responsible 

3 


4 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


for  the  fees  of  counsel  whom  it  did  not  select,  and  with  whom 
its  members  had  no  acquaintance ; responsible,  also,  for  heavy 
costs  and  damages  in  a case  entrusted  to  one  of  whose  character 
and  abilities  they  were  ignorant.  It  was,  therefore,  deemed 
important  that  some  one  should  go  out  and  gain  such  informa- 
tion as  we  ought  to  have,  under  these  circumstances,  for  our 
guidance. 

My  departure  on  this  tour  of  investigation  was  delayed  until 
after  the  Mohonk  conference,  which  occurred  on  the  13th,  14th 
and  15  th  of  October,  the  result  of  which  was  to  enlarge  the 
scope  of  my  inquiries.  At  this  conference  appeared  Mrs.  O.  J. 
Hiles,  of  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  who  spent  the  last  winter  in  Southern 
California,  and  made  herself  acquainted  with  the  sad  history 
and  distressed  condition  of  these  Indians,  Her  story  and  appeal 
deeply  moved  the  conference,  and  a strong  Committee  on  Mis- 
sion Indians  was  appointed,  consisting  of  Philip  Garrett,  of 
Philadelphia  ; Austin  Abbott  and  Elliot  Shepherd,  of  New  York; 
Moses  Pierce,  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  and  J.  W.  Davis,  of  Boston. 
After  full  discussion,  both  in  the  general  conference  and  by  the 
committee,  it  was  decided  that  the  work  undertaken  by  the 
Indian  Rights  Association  must  be  enlarged  and  broadened,  and 
I was  therefore  delegated  by  this  committee,  in  addition  to 
the  special  matters  I was  sent  by  the  Association  to  investigate, 
to  institute  inquiries  as  to  what  cases  might  be  hopefully  under- 
taken against  the  white  men  who  had  deprived,  or  were  now 
depriving,  the  Indians  of  their  homes ; also  to  make  inquiries, 
and  if  possible  find  first-class  counsel  who  would  undertake  such 
cases  as  the  committee  might  decide  to  prosecute.  It  was  clearly 
the  opinion  of  this  large  conference  that  the  best  legal  advice 
which  can  be  secured  should  be  obtained,  and  the  defense  of 
these  people  made  the  strongest  possible,  even  if  it  involved  the 
sending  out  of  an  attorney  from  the  East. 

Thus  doubly  commissioned,  I left  home  on  the  2 2d  of  October 
last,  and  now  have  the  honor  of  making  a report  of  my  third 
visit  to  these  Mission  Indians  of  Southern  California.  At  the 
suggestion  of  the  Mohonk  Committee,  and  with  letters  of  intro- 
duction to  leading  lawyers  and  other  gentlemen  known  to  be  in 
sympathy  with  the  objects  of  our  Association,  I went  directly  to 
San  Francisco  for  consultation  and  advice  with  reference  to 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


5 


reliable  men  nearer  the  seat  of  our  war.  Nearly  three  weeks 
were  spent  here,  and  at  Los  Angeles,  San  Diego,  and  other  points 
available  for  the  purposes  of  my  visit. 

The  details  of  information  gathered  as  to  men  and  courses  of 
action  to  be  pursued  have  been  given  to  the  committee  for  their 
use,  and  would  be  of  no  value  as  related  to  the  purposes  of  this 
more  general  report. 

It  was  found  that  the  young  man  whom  the  Government  had 
appointed  Special  Attorney  for  these  Indians,  and  whose  sup- 
port had  been  turned  over  to  us,  had  been  earnest  and  vigilant  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duties.  The  brief  he  had  prepared  in  the 
case  which  has  been  tried  was  regarded  by  Attorney-General  Gar- 
land as  so  strong  that  he  not  only  wrote  him  a very  complimentary 
letter,  but  appointed  him  special  counsel  for  the  Government  in 
a very  important  land  case,  involving  a large  amount  of  property. 
It  may  be  a satisfaction  to  some,  and  gratify  a natural  curiosity, 
to  know  that  in  this  case  he  was  not  to  serve  without  due  com- 
pensation ; from  which  it  appears  that  it  is  only  when  the  inter- 
ests of  Indians  are  involved  that  men  are  expected  to  serve  the 
Government  from  disinterested  motives. 

I was  much  pleased  with  what  I saw  and  could  learn  of  the 
young  man,  and  believe  he  will  honestly  make  the  best  fight  he 
can  for  his  clients.  As  to  his  ability  to  cope  with  the  talent 
which  the  plaintiff  can  command,  and  the  wisdom  of  entrusting 
to  him  alone,  unsupported  by  other  counsel,  the  interests  of 
these  people,  others  more  competent  to  judge  must  decide  from 
the  material  put  into  their  hands  upon  which  to  base  a judgment. 

The  court  decided  the  case  of  Byrnes  vs.  The  San  Jacinto 
Indians  against  the  defendants,  because  of  their  failure  to  appear 
before  a commission  appointed  by  act  of  Congress  in  1857, 
which  required  all  persons  claiming  title  to  land  under  old  Spanish 
and  Mexican  laws  to  appear  before  them  and  establish  their  title. 
Hope  for  a reversal  of  this  decision  on  appeal  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State  is  based  on  the  i6th  section  of  this  act,  which 
requires  this  commission  to  inquire  and  report  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  by  what  title  the  Mission  and  Pueblo  Indians 
claimed  land  under  Mexican  laws.  If  this  section  has  any  mean- 
ing, it  would  seem  to  shift  the  responsibility  from  this  class  of 
claimants  to  the  commission  itself.  Congress  evidently  consider- 


6 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


ing  it  unjust  and  impracticable  to  require  the  Indians  to  appear 
in  answer  to  a general  notification  through  the  public  press. 

There  is  danger  that  this  case  may  go  against  the  Indians 
finally,  on  a technicality,  and  the  decision  may  not  touch  the 
question  of  the  validity,  under  law  and  treaty,  of  their  titles. 

The  Indians  on  Warner’s  Ranch  and  on  the  San  Ysabel 
grant  have  been  notified  by  the  present  claimant  of  these  ranches 
that  they  must  vacate ; but  no  action  will  be  taken,  probably, 
until  a decision  has  been  reached  in  the  case  now  pending. 

The  sad  case  of  the  San  Fernando  Indians  ought  to  be  known, 
because  it  is  an  illustration  of  what  has  so  many  times  occurred, 
and  of  what  may  soon  occur  in  a large  number  of  cases  now 
pending. 

THE  SAN  FERNANDO  CASE. 

The  Mexican  government  made  a grant  of  land,  embracing 
the  San  Fernando  Mission,  to  a gentleman  named  De  Celes. 
This  grant  was,  as  was  always  the  case  in  all  grants  of  land  by 
the  Mexican  government,  without  prejudice  to  the  rights  of  the 
Indians  living  on  the  Mission  lands. 

Mr.  E.  F.  De  Celes,  now  living  in  Los  Angeles,  and  editor  of 
a Spanish  paper  in  that  city,  inherited  this  grant  from  his  father. 
Most  of  these  Indians  had  either  died  or  moved  away,  thus 
losing  their  right  to  a home  on  these  lands,  and  there  was  but 
one  family  left,  that  of  Rogerio.  The  land  of  this  Indian,  ten 
acres,  was  surveyed,  and  the  lines  bounding  it  clearly  defined. 
There  was  a fine  spring  of  water  on  it.  He  had  a comfortable 
adobe  house,  on  which  property  he  has  for  years  paid  taxes.  He 
was  a blacksmith,  trained  under  the  old  Mission  fathers,  and  had 
long  met  the  wants  of  the  people  in  that  section  of  the  State  as 
a skillful  mechanic. 

ATew  years  since  Mr.  De  Celes  sold  his  grant  to  two  gentle- 
men. When  he  examined  the  deed  prepared  by  his  attorney,  by 
which  he  was  to  convey  the  property,  he  refused  to  sign  it,  be- 
cause it  did  not  contain  the  exception  made  in  the  grant  under 
which  he  held  the  property,  in  favor  of  the  Indians,  until  as- 
sured that  the  omission  was  of  no  importance,  since  he  could 
not  convey  to  others  what  he  had  not  received  in  the  original 
grant.  Upon  this  representation  Mr.  De  Celes  signed  the 
deed  without  the  exception  in  favor  of  the  Indians.  Soon 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


7 


after  taking  possession  these  gentlemen  brought  suit  to  eject 
Rogerio.  Unfortunately,  he  employed  counsel  who  made  a fatal 
mistake,  and  on  technical  grounds  the  case  was  decided  against 
him  last  winter,  and  the  sheriff  appeared  with  a writ  of  ejectment 
in  the  midst  of  the  rainy  season.  Rogerio  is  now  a very  old 
man.  His  wife,  also  aged,  and  another  old  woman,  with  several 
other  relatives,  constituted  his  household,  some  eight  or  nine 
souls — if  Indians  may  be  properly  thus  described — in  all.  The 
old  women,  his  tools  and  household  goods,  his  chickens  in  sacks, 
and  all  his  movable  belongings  were  tumbled  into  a wagon  (the 
old  man,  protesting  against  his  removal,  would  not  be  put  into 
the  wagon,  but  followed  after),  taken  some  two  miles  from  their 
home,  and  thrown  out  by  the  roadside,  and  here  lay  unprotected 
from  the  incessant  rain  for  eight  days,  during  which  the  old  man 
made  his  way  to  Los  Angeles,  and  got  permission  from  the  priest 
to  occupy  an  old  shed  connected  with  the  Mission  Church.  In 
the  meantime  people  passing  along  carried  off  baskets,  tools, 
fuel,  whatever  they  chose  to  take,  either  as  curiosities  or  for 
use  ; their  chickens  were  dead  when  taken  from  the  sacks,  and 
pounded  parched  corn  was  their  only  food.  It  was  thought  by 
some  that  the  old  man  must  have  money  hidden  about  his  house, 
as  he  had  for  so  many  years  been  an  industrious  mechanic,  and 
prospecting  parties  made  search  for  it,  digging  up  the  floor  of 
the  house,  and  exploring  every  possible  hiding  place.  The  old 
wife  contracted  pneumonia,  from  which  she  soon  died,  and  the 
old  man  is  now  one  of  those  vagrant,  homeless  vagabonds, 
who  help  to  demonstrate  the  fact  that  all  efforts  to  civilize  the 
Indians  are  without  satisfactory  results.  For  more  than  a cen- 
tury the  effort  has  been  made  to  Christianize  these  people,  and  in 
this  particular  case  unusual  pains  had  been  taken,  but  now  after  all 
this  effort,  when  over  eighty  years  of  age,  and  after,  probably, 
sixty-five  or  seventy  years  of  opportunity,  he  is  a homeless  vaga- 
bond. Truly,  such  efforts  do  seem  hopeless ! If  any  one  is 
moved  to  indignation,  and  feels  a temptation  to  denounce  these 
men,  who,  after  all,  only  took  what  neither  law  nor  equity  gave 
them,  but  only  a technical  blunder,  either  honestly  or  otherwise 
made  by  Rogerio’s  attorney,  let  them  temper  their  feeling  when 
they  hear  that  they  purpose  to  erect  at  this  place  a theological 
seminary  in  connection  with  the  University  for  Southern  Cali- 


8 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


fornia,  to  which  they  have  made  liberal  subscriptions.  The 
exigencies  of  theological  science  on  that  coast  would  seem  to 
be  very  great,  when  it  is  remembered  that  this  old  man  and  his 
wife  were  perhaps  the  last  ones  who  could  prove  their  right  to 
occupy  this  land,  and  in  the  course  of  nature  they  could  not 
have  claimed  it  much  longer,  being  now  more  than  eighty  years 
of  age. 

The  important  thing  to  consider  in  this  connection  is,  that 
some  four  or  five  hundred  other  Indians  in  Southern  California, 
self-supporting,  civilized,  Christian  Indians,  who  hold  their 
homes  by  a title  as  good  as  that  of  Rogerio,  are  in  the  same 
jeopardy  to-day,  and  are  liable  and  certain  to  meet  with  a like 
fate  unless  immediate  steps  are  taken  to  prevent  it.  What  can 
be  done,  therefore,  must  be  done  speedily,  if  at  all. 

These  cases  can  and  must  be  remedied  in  the.courts,  either  by 
suits  to  quiet  title,  or  by  making  the  best  defense  possible  when 
suits  have  been  brought  for  the  ejectment  of  the  Indians.  There 
ought  to  be,  also,  legislation  to  complete  the  inchoate  titles  by 
which  these  people  hold  their  lands,  for  they  are  titles  of  occu- 
pancy. The  perfecting  of  these  titles  by  our  Government  is  a 
political  and  not  a judicial  trust.  If  the  Supreme  Court  of  Cali- 
fornia should  reverse  the  decision  of  the  lower  court  in  the  case 
of  Byrnes  vs.  The  San  Jacinto  Indians,  and  refuse  a writ  of 
ejectment,  it  would  only  decide  that  they  cannot  be  dispossessed 
of  their  right  to  occupy  and  use  these  lands;  but  before  they  can 
dispose  of  them  by  sale,  or  do  with  them  as  they  please.  Con- 
gress must  perfect  their  title  ; the  courts  cannot  do  this. 

The  evils  by  which  these  Mission  Indians  are  oppressed  belong 
to  one  of  three  classes:  (i)  Those  that  must  be  remedied,  in 
part  at  least,  by  the  courts ; (2)  Those  that  require  Congressional 
action ; and  (3)  Those  that  require  only  an  executive  order.  To 
meet  the  first,  inasmuch  as  the  Department  of  Justice  will  not 
deal  adequately  with  them,  and  the  Indians  in  their  poverty  and 
ignorance  cannot,  the  friends  of  justice  and  of  the  oppressed 
must  come  forward  and  see  that  their  rights  have  the  best  pos- 
sible presentation  and  defense  in  the  courts.  In  regard  to  the 
second  class,  public  opinion  must  be  aroused,  and  the  demand 
made,  in  no  uncertain  language,  that  these  people,  whose  inter- 
ests are  committed  to  a political  body  in  which  they  have  no 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


9 


representation,  shall  be  properly  cared  for  by  Congress.  The 
third  class — and  a large  number  of  most  urgent  cases  fall  into 
this — must  be  urged  upon  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  which 
should  be  held  to  a strict  accountability  for  its  action,  or  want 
of  action. 

Since  the  27th  of  December,  1875,  there  have  been  set  apart 
nineteen  reservations  for  the  Indians  of  Southern  California  by 
executive  order,  aggregating  224,389.98  acres  of  land  ; or  about 
65  acres  to  each  Indian,  or  305  to  each  family  of  five  persons ; 
but  in  estimating  the  sufficiency  of  these  for  the  support  of  the 
Indians  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  absolute  desert  and 
inaccessible  mountains  constitute  a very  large  proportion  of  a 
number  of  them. 

A reservation  near  San  Gorgonio,  sometimes  called  the  San 
Gorgonio  Reservation,  sometimes  the  Protrero  (there  is  one 
called  Protrero  near  San  Luis  Rey  in  San  Diego  County),  but  on 
the  maps  designated  “Maronge,”  contains  88,475.32  acres. 
Some  of  this  is  desert ; much  of  it  can  be  used  only  for  pasture 
and  dry  farming ; enough  of  it  to  support  the  Indians  actually 
on  it  can  be  irrigated,  and  is  valuable  land,  adjoining  and  near 
the  town  of  Banning  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.  On 
these  lands  forty  white  squatters  have  settled,  who  are  pre- 
empting all  the  water  and  the  best  of  the  land.  These  men  are 
making  improvements,  forcing  the  Indians  back  upon  the  unim- 
provable lands,  and  getting  such  a hold,  and  by  the  connivance 
of  the  Government  establishing  such  a claim  to  them,  that  it  will 
be  difficult  to  dislodge  them  from  it.  Already  an  order  to 
remove  certain  men  from  another  reservation,  the  Capitan 
Grande,  has  called  forth  a protest  from,  it  would  seem,  all 
the  leading  men  of  San  Diego,  who  vouch  for  these  men  as 
respectable,  law-abiding,  and  most  excellent  citizens,  who  in 
perfectly  good  faith,  and  with  honorable  purpose  have,  with  the 
consent  and  acquiescence  of  the  officers  of  the  Government,  made 
valuable  improvements,  and  acquired  vested  rights  in  the  lands 
they  occupy,  which  it  would  be  an  outrage  now  to  disturb. 
Complications  have  thus  arisen  on  this  reservation  which  will 
require  heroic  treatment  to  adjust.  It  is  always  much  easier 
and  less  troublesome  every  way  to  do  an  Indian  substantial  and 
irreparable  wrong,  than  to  inflict  a seeming  hardship  upon  a 


10 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


white  man ; so  much  so,  that  it  will  be  difficult  to  apply  the 
heroic  treatment  called  for  in  these  cases.  The  executive  order 
creating  this  reservation  (Maronge)  set  apart  all  the  land  in  cer- 
tain townships  for  an  Indian  Reservation,  excepting  sections  to 
which  valid  legal  titles  had  attached  under  the  land  laws  of  the 
United  States.  Filings  had  been  made  on  a few  sections 
embraced  in  the  reservation  thus  created,  but  the  parties  never 
completed  the  steps  necessary  to  perfect  their  titles,  and  these 
filings  were  canceled.  Subsequently  oilier  parties  made  filings 
on  these  same  sections  on  the  theory  that  they  lapsed,  not  to  the 
Indian  Reservation,  but  to  the  public  domain.  The  local  land 
office  refused  the  filings,  holding  that  they  were  a part  of  the 
Indian  Reservation.  Appeal  was  taken  to  Commissioner 
McFarlane  of  the  General  Land  Office,  who  overruled  the  local 
office,  and  allowed  the  filings.  The  present  Indian  Agent  has 
brought  the  case  before  the  present  Commissioner;  Shirley  C. 
Ward,  Special  Attorney  for  the  Mission  Indians,  filing  a brief 
for  the  Indians  in  the  case.  The  commissioner  reversed  the 
order  of  his  predecessor,  and  ordered  the  filings  canceled. 
Appeal  was  then  taken  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Mr. 
Lamar,  who  sustained  the  present  commissioner.  The  particular 
case  decided  was  that  of  a Mr.  Filkins,  but  the  ruling  applies 
to  other  filings  covering  some  3000  acres  of  the  best  land  on 
the  reservation.  The  last  ex-Indian  Agent,  Mr.  McCullom,  is 
attorney  for  these  would-be  homesteaders,  and  argues  that,  inas- 
much as  these  filings  were  allowed  by  the  Government  officials, 
meaning  himself  at  the  time,  they  ought  not  to  be  canceled 
now.  It  is  somewhat  satisfactory  that  the  present  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  has  decided  the  case  rightfully  for  the  Indians ; 
but  not  very  satisfactory  to  know  that  these  men  still  occupy 
the  land,  and  would  not  allow  the  Indians  to  plow  their  lands 
for  their  crops  last  autumn.  An  unexpected  outburst  of  execu- 
tive energy  on  this  reservation  last  September  promised  much 
for  the  Indians,  but  its  sudden  collapse  has  simply  made  the 
agents  of  the  Government  ridiculous  in  the  eyes  of  these  tres- 
passers. A man  named  Black,  who  has  been  for  years  on  the 
reservation,  opened  a “ Hog  Ranch,”  and,  by  fouling  the  water 
which  flowed  down  on  to  the  land  of  some  white  settlers,  created 
a nuisance,  of  which  they  complained  to  the  Indian  Department, 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


11 


and  the  request  was  made  that  he  should  be  removed  as  a 
trespasser  upon  Indian  land.  The  agent  was  promptly  ordered 
to  notify  Black  that  he  must  get  off  within  thirty  days,  or  he 
would  be  pitched  off,  neck  and  heels,  with  all  his  belongings. 
He  was  not  ordered  off  because  a squatter  on  Indian  lands, — if 
so,  why  leave  the  other  thirty-nine  undisturbed  ? — but  because  he 
had  become  a nuisance  to  his  white  neighbors.  Mr.  Black 
informed  the  agent  that  he  would  not  go.  The  agent  so  informed 
the  Department,  and  asked  : “ How  shall  I get  him  off  ? ” To 
this  very  natural  inquiry,  seeing  he  has  no  Indian  police,  the 
Department  made  no  reply  whatever.  Black  is  a very  large  man, 
and  the  agent  a very  small  one,  and  when  asked  why  he  did  not 
execute  the  order,  simply  points  out  the  disparity  of  avoirdupois. 
Of  course.  Black  is  in  possession,  and  entertains  a feeling  of 
supreme  contempt  for  the  authority  which  he  thus  defies.  Since 
this  miserable  fiasco,  another  man  has  begun  to  build  a house  on 
the  reservation. 

The  Capitan  Grande  Reservation,  some  thirty  miles  from  the 
city  of  San  Diego,  was  first  created  by  executive  order  Decem- 
ber 27th,  1875.  Additions  were  made  to  it  May  3d,  1877,  in 
June,  1883,  and  it  contains  in  all  17,340.57  acres.  The  Indians 
for  whom  it  was  set  apart,  lived  along  the  narrow  valley  of  the 
San  Diego  river.  The  commissioner  sent  out  to  select  a suit- 
able reservation  for  them  did  not  take  the  trouble  of  going 
upon  the  ground,  but  went  to  the  County  Surveyor,  who,  as  he 
received  no  compensation  for  his  work,  ran  the  lines  of  the 
reserv'ation  by  guess.  His  guess  was  a shrewd  one,  if  it  was 
intended  to  throw  the  lands  occupied  by  the  Indians  back  into 
the  public  domain,  and  give  to  them,  for  the  most  part,  inac- 
cessible mountain  peaks. 

As  soon  as  the  order  was  issued  creating  the  Reserve,  white 
men  made  filings  on  the  lands  which  had  been  occupied  by  the 
Indians,  who  were  forced  back  to  the  mountains.  Subsequently 
these  filings  were  canceled,  and  these  sections  added  to  the 
reservation,  but  this  has  been  without  relief  to  the  Indians. 
Mrs.  Jackson  reported  certain  parties  as  being  on  the  reserva- 
tion— Knowles,  Hensley,  Taylor,  Isham  and  others,  and  they 
are  there  yet.  Hensley  showed  an  Indian  named  Ignacio  Curo, 
who  was  living  on  and  cultivating  a part  of  section  22,  T 14  S, 


12 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


R 2 E,  from  whom  he  had  rented  for  several  years  the  privilege 
of  keeping  bees  on  his  land,  what  purported  to  be  a patent  for 
this  section.  He  said  he  would  give  him  $i6o  for  his  crops  and 
improvements  if  he  would  go  quietly  off if  he  refused,  he 
would  have  nothing,  but  go,  all  the  same.  Of  course,  he  went. 
On  this  section  is  the  Indian  burying  ground,  in  which  Indians 
are  forbidden  to  bury  their  dead.  Hensley  has  a saloon  and 
store’ on  this  land,  and  does  what  he  can  to  degrac^e  the  Indian 
below  the  point  where  he  can  make  any  appeal  to  our  sympathies. 
Two  other  saloons  are  in  full  blast  on  the  reservation.  Knowles, 
who  has  bee  ranches  on  three  different  sections,  drove  an  Indian 
named  Piopepa  from  one  of  these  on  which  he  had  plowed  land 
for  barley.  These  men  have  been  ordered  from  the  reservation, 
but  an  appeal  and  protest  has  been  sent  on  signed,  as  said  above, 
by  the  leading  men  of  San  Diego,  in  which  it  is  said  that  there 
are  only  twenty-four  Indians  on  the  reservation,  and  that  they 
have  more  than  500  acres  of  land  each. 

The  reply  to  this  is,  (i)  that  when  a white  man  tells  an  Indian 
that  he  will  shoot  him  if  he  does  not  get  off,  he  will  naturally 
get  off,  and  (2)  that  if  these  men  will  go  up  on  to  the  mountain 
and  take  homesteads,  and  leave  the  valley  lands  to  the  Indians, 
no  intelligent  friend  of  the  Indians  will  take  the  trouble  to  climb 
up  and  dispossess  them.  The  whites  are  also  converting  the 
timber  on  this  Reserve  into  charcoal,  for  which  they  readily 
receive  fifty  cents  per  barley  sack  in  San  Diego. 

The  integrity  of  these  reservations  must  be  maintained  until 
the  Indians  have  been  wisely  located  upon  them,  and  then,  if 
there  is  a surplus  of  land  above  their  needs,  let  it  be  restored  to 
the  public  domain,  and  opened  for  settlement.  At  present  it  is 
the  lawless  and  unscrupulous  who  get  them. 

OBSTACLES. 

Two  cases  of  recent  occurrence  show  how  difficult  it  is  for  an 
Indian  to  make  successfully  an  effort  in  the  direction  of  individual 
independence,  (i)  Feles  Calac,  a mission  Indian,  has  for  years 
been  living  on  a section  of  school  land  belonging  to  the  State. 
He  made  application  to  purchase  it.  The  Surveyor  refused  his 
application  because  he  was  an  Indian,  and  the  State  law  required 
that  the  purchaser  shall  be  a citizen  of  the  United  States.  Ap- 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


13 


peal  was  taken  to  the  Attorney-General  of  the  State,  and  proof 
furnished  that  Calac  was  a Mission  Indian,  and  as  such  a citizen 
of  the  United  States.  The  Attorney-General  instructed  the 
Surveyor  to  allow  his  application.  The  Surveyor-General  then 
informed  Calac’s  attorney  that  his  application  would  be  allowed, 
but  that  it  must  be  amended  so  as  to  cover  only  one-half  of  the 
section,  as  the  other  half  had  not  been  surveyed.  In  the  mean- 
while a white  man,  named  W.  B.  Ferguson,  made  application  to 
purchase,  and  his  application  was  accepted.  The  State  law 
requires,  if  the  land  applied  for  is  suitable  for  cultivation,  that 
the  applicant  must  live  upon  it.  Ferguson’s  application  was 
accompanied  with  an  affidavit  that  he  was,  and  had  been,  living 
on  this  land,  which  was  false.  The  contest  has  now  been 
referred  to  the  Superior  Court  of  the  State,  and  involves  the 
question  of  the  citizenship  of  a Mission  Indian  ; also  of  the  truth 
of  Ferguson’s  affidavit. 

(2)  Two  Indians,  on  one  of  the  reservations  — the  San 
Jacinto — were  desirous  to  take  their  land  in  severalty,  but  as 
they  could  not  do  this,  they  appealed  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  to  restore  the  sections  they  wanted  to  the  public  domain 
so  that  they  could  enter  it  under  the  homestead  law.  When  this 
was  done,  it  was  found  that  a mistake  had  been  made  in  describ- 
ing the  land  they  wanted,  and  that  other  land,  and  not  this,  had 
been  thus  restored.  They  amended  their  description,  and  asked 
that  what  had  been  restored  might  again  be  added  to  the  reser- 
vation, and  what  they  did  want  should  be  opened  up  for  settle- 
ment. Nothing  was  heard  from  this  application,  and  on  inquiry 
I learned  that  it  had  been  pigeon-holed  in  the  Bureau,  the  clerk 
in  charge  saying  that  they  did  not  seem  to  know  what  they 
did  want,  they  had  already  made  considerable  trouble,  etc. 
Promise  was  given  that  the  poor  Indians  should  not  suffer  the 
consequence  of  other  men’s  mistakes,  and  that  their  wish  should 
be  complied  with. 

Under  existing  conditions  and  management  in  Indian  affairs 
it  seems  all  but  impossible  that  mistakes  and  delays  fatal  to  the 
hopes  and  interests  of  Indians  w'ho  attempt  to  go  forward  shall 
not  be  made.  If  an  Indian  wishes  to  remain  an  Indian  there  is 
unlimited  opportunity,  and  every  inducement  to  do  so,  and 
many  enemies  and  mistaken  friends  ready  to  help  him  ; but  if 


14 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


he  attempts  to  climb  out  of  his  miserable  condition,  there  are 
few  inducements  and  small  opportunity  to  do  so,  and  obstacles 
innumerable. 

The  demand  for  agricultural  land  in  California  is  urgent,  and 
the  quantity  available  is  becoming  limited,  and  the  temptation 
to  seize  upon  every  foot  of  it,  to  which  an  absolute  and  indis- 
putable personal  title,  held  by  a white  man  has  not  attached, 
seems  all  but  irresistible.  No  chapter  in  the  sad  and  shameful 
history  of  our  dealings  with  the  Indians  is  more  disgraceful  than 
that  which  tells  the  story  of  these  Mission  Indians.  The  condi- 
tion of  none  other  so  urgently  demands  attention  from  the  Chief 
Executive,  the  law  makers,  and  the  Christian  Church  as  does  that 
of  these  long-suffering,  patient  and  much-abused  people. 

THE  EDUCATIONAL  WORK. 

Illustrations  of  the  workings  of  the  political  machinery,  at  whose 
mercy  is  placed  the  work  of  civilizing  the  Indians,  are  met  with 
wherever  one  goes  among  the  various  tribes. 

Congress,  in  response  to  the  awakened  conscience  and  enlight- 
ened sentiment  of  the  country,  makes  liberal  appropriations  for 
the  education  of  the  Indians.  Over  twelve  hundred  thousand 
dollars  for  schools,  and  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  for  addi- 
tional farmers  were  voted  last  year.  ’ 

But  this  money  will  fail,  and  must  fail,  to  accomplish  the  good 
it  ought  to  produce,  and  the  probabilities  are  that  all  failures 
will  be  charged  to  the  lack  of  character  and  capacity  on  the  part 
of  the  Indian,  and  not  to  the  miserable  system,  or  want  of  sys- 
tem, under  which  it  is  expended ; and  soon  the  cry  will  be  heard, 
not  that  a sensible  system  shall  be  adopted,  but  that  a useless 
expenditure  of  money  shall  cease. 

On  my  way  out  I stopped  at  Albuquerque  to  visit  the  Govern- 
ment Indian  School  at  that  point.  This  school  was  started  in 
i88i  by  the  Presbyterians,  as  a mission  school.  In  1884,  a con- 
tract was  made  with.the  Government  (which  furnished  the  build- 
ings in  part)  to  board,  clothe  and  teach  Indian  children  at  so 
much  per  head.  The  report  of  the  school  superintendent  for 
the  year  ending  June  30th,  1885,  gives  the  following  figures  in 
reference  to  the  number  of  pupils.  The  contract  is  with  Dr. 
Kendall,  Secretary  of  the  Home  Missionary  Society  of  the 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


15 


Presbyterian  Church.  The  date  of  separate  contracts  is  as  fol- 
lows : — 

July  1st,  1884,  125  Pueblo  children,  2 months. 

Sept.  1st,  1884,  125  Pueblo  children,  2 months. 

Nov.  I St,  1884,  125  Pueblo  children,  2 months. 

Jan.  1st,  1885,  65  Pueblo  children,  3 months. 

Jan.  1st,  1885,  60  Pueblos,  3 months. 

July  1st,  1884,  26  Utes,  9 months. 

Apr.  1st,  1885,  17  Utes.  3 months. 

From  which  it  appears  that  for  nine  months  of  the  year,  from 
July  ist,  1884,  to  June  30th,  1885,  there  were  in  school  125 
Pueblo  and  from  26  to  43  Ute  children.  The  success  of  Prof. 
Bryan  was  such  as  to  satisfy  the  Society  for  which  he  worked,  and 
also  the  late  superintendent  of  schools,  who  urged  the  Depart- 
ment, wdien  it  was  decided  to  put  the  school  under  the  immediate 
control  of  the  Bureau,  to  retain  him  as  its  Superintendent. 

A new  superintendent  was  appointed,  and  with  a part  of  his 
teaching  force  and  clerk  was  on  the  ground  at  the  time  of  my 
visit,  but  neither  furniture,  nor  school  supplies,  nor  pupils  were 
there  ; and  as  .six  months  of  this  school  year  closes,  the  Com- 
missioner sadly  admits  that  there  is  but  one  pupil  in  the  school, 
and  debates  the  question  of  dismissing  the  employes,  and  put- 
ting the  empty  buildings  under  the  care  of  a janitor. 

Prof.  Bryan  had  purchased  a site  for  a new  Mission  School ; 
had  rented  some  small  buildings  in  which  he  had  eight  pupils, 
and  will  soon  have  accommodations  for  sixty  more,  and  will  pro- 
ceed at  once  to  erect  his  new  buildings  for  the  accommodation 
of  two  hundred  pupils. 

The  policy  which  has  been  pursued  by  the  present  manage- 
ment of  the  schools  has  not  worked  well  at  this  point. 

The  Home  Missionary  Society  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  had 
made  a most  hopeful  beginning  among  the  Pueblos  of  this  terri- 
tory, and  had  invested  largely  in  the  work,  co-operating  with 
the  Government  in  its  educational  efforts.  Suddenly  the  char- 
acter of  the  school  is  changed,  with  great  pecuniary  loss  to  the 
Society,  and  a Catholic  superintendent  is  put  in  to  carry  on  the 
work  inaugurated  by  the  Presbyterians.  At  Albuquerque,  not 
the  Presbyterian  school  merely,  but  the  entire  educational  work 
has  been  brought  to  a sudden  ending  by  the  policy  pursued. 


16 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


There  are  in  and  about  San  Bernardino  quite  a number  of 
Indian  families  in  which  are  enough  children  for  a school  at  that 
place.  During  the  summer  vacation  of  a young  lady,  whose 
home  is  in  that  town,  who  has  been  teaching  the  Indian  day 
school  at  Temecula,  she,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  agent,  looked 
up  these  children,  and  secured  the  promise  of  their  parents  that 
some  thirty  of  them  would  attend  school  if  the  Department 
would  establish  one  for  them. 

Application  was  made  for  authority  to  open  a school  by  the 
agent,  who  wrote  that  he  had  a competent  teacher,  he  having 
promised  it  to  this  young  lady  if  she  would  work  it  up  success- 
fully. Authority  was  promptly  granted  for  the  school,  accom- 
panied by  the  statement  that  a lady  from  Washington  City  was 
appointed  to  be  its  teacher. 

The  success  of  the  enterprise  depended  upon  the  skill  and 
ability  of  the  teacher  who  should  be  put  in  charge.  This  lady 
knew  nothing  of  Indians,  it  was  said, — knew  nothing  of  teach- 
ing, was  dissatisfied  with  her  position,  surroundings  and  work. 
The  school  had  dwindled  down  to  almost  nothing,  and  was  re- 
garded by  the  agent  as  a miserable  failure,  whereas  it  might  have 
been,  in  his  estimation,  a great  success  under  proper  management. 

The  farmer  at  Protrero  was  a practical  farmer,  who  understood 
irrigation  and  the  peculiar  methods  made  necessary  by  the 
climate  and  soil  of  California,  could  speak  fluently  the  language 
of  the  Indians,  could  turn  his  hand  to  any  practical  work  neces- 
sary to  be  done,  and  was  greatly  liked  by  the  Indians.  There 
suddenly  appeared  a new  appointee  to  take  his  place.  He  prdved 
to  be  a deputy  sheriff  from  a little  town  in  Mississippi.  What  he 
knew  of  farming  he  had  picked  up  about  the  Court  House,  and 
it  had  little  adaptation  to  the  condition  of  things  on  an  Indian 
Reservation  in  California.  He,  of  course,  cannot  understand  or 
be  understood  by  the  Indians,  and  there  is  no  interpreter  at  the 
reservation  ; he  does  not  know  how  to  do  anything,  and  his 
presence  there  has  no  relation  whatever  to  the  work  required, 
and  for  which  he  draws  his  salary. 

The  facts  in  these  two  cases  I had  learned  from  others  before 
I saw  the  agent,  and  had  from  him  a reluctant  but  full  confirma- 
tion of  them.  He  was  unwilling  to  say  anything  reflecting  upon 
the  wisdom  of  what  the  Department  had  done,  but  was  forced  to 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


17 


say  that  the  appointments  in  these  cases  were  of  such  character 
as  defeated  the  purpose  for  which  they  were  made,  so  far  as  Indian 
civilization  is  concerned. 

Father  Ubach,  of  San  Diego,  under  whose  supervision  a 
school  has  recently  been  established  at  Old  San  Diego,  kindly 
carried  me  out  to  visit  it.  It  is  to  be  an  industrial  training  and 
boarding  school  under  the  contract  system. 

The  church  furnishes  everything,  and  is  paid  so  much  per 
capita  for  the  care  and  instruction  of  the  pupils.  There  were 
about  forty  pupils,  of  both  sexes,  gathered  in  the  school,  which 
had  been  in  operation  several  weeks. 

The  buildings  were  not  completed,  and  the  pupils  were 
crowded  into  one  room,  bringing  the  classes  so  near  to  each  other 
that  they  necessarily  interfered  with  each  other’s  exercises,  so  that 
no  satisfactory  work  could  be  done  under  the  circumstances,  and 
unfavorable  criticism  of  it  would  seem  ill-natured  and  unjust. 

Father  Ubach  is  one  of  the  most  intense  friends  of  the  Indians, 
and  the  hot  indignatiofi  with  which  he  denounces  the  men  who 
wrong  and  abuse  them  is  delightful  to  see,  having  a complexion 
and  flavor  which  is  at  once  Spanish  and  ecclesiastical.  There  is 
little  doubt  that  in  these  buildings,  when  complete,  he  will  give 
these  children  decent  and  comfortable  homes;  that  he  will  be 
to  them  a kind  “ Father  ” indeed ; that  the  “ Sisters  ” in  charge 
will  be  sisters  in  truth,  tender  and  careful  of  their  physical  and 
spiritual  welfare.  The  kindly  sister  who  was  busy  with  the  con- 
struction of  immense  and  most  appetizing  apple  pies  for  their 
dinner,  appeared  to  be  well  versed  in  culinary  arts,  and  we  can 
but  hope  that  under  improved  conditions  the  intellectual  wants 
of  the  pupils  will  be  equally  well  provided  for. 

From  every  tour  of  investigation  and  study  of  the  Indian 
problem,  in  whatever  part  of  the  field  we  are  working  it  out,  one 
returns  with  the  conviction  deepened  that  our  red  brother  enters 
the  race  with  us  hamstrung  and  handicapped. 

Legislation  touching  his  interests  is  enacted  by  a political 
assembly  in  which  he  has  no  voice  and  few  friends,  as  against 
those  whose  antagonistic  interests  are  crowded  to  the  front  to 
the  neglect  or  overthrow  of  his  own. 

In  the  courts,  interpreting,  as  they  must,  treaties  which  have 
been  largely  dictated  by  the  white  man’s  greed,  and  enforcing 


18 


MISSION  INDIANS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


laws  which  were  enacted  to  gain  the  end  for  which  the  treaties 
were  made,  he  has  small  standing,  and  no  fair  chance  as  against 
the  wealth  and  shrewdness  of  his  white  antagonist. 

However  kindly  disposed  toward  the  Indian  the  Chief  Execu- 
tive may  be,  and  sincerely  desirous  to  protect  his  interests  so  far 
as  they  are  committed  to  his  keeping,  it  is  all  but  impossible  that 
the  demands  of  active,  aggressive,  intelligent  white  men  who 
have  crowded  up  to  and  over  the  lines  of  reserved  savagery,  and 
are  asking  that  they  may  be  allowed  to  make  it  bud  and  blos- 
som with  our  civilized  life,  who  have  ballots  in  their  hands,  much 
needed  for  party  success,  shall  not  drown  the  feeble  protests  of 
those  whose  humanity  is  somewhat  “off  color,”  and  who  politi- 
cally have  no  existence. 

It  soon  becomes  plain  to  every  intelligent  person  who  attempts 
to  do  anything  for  the  benefit  of  Indians,  and  even  to  those  who 
merely  observe  the  course  of  affairs  and  events  related  to  Indian 
interests,  that  legislation  alone,  even  the  wisest  and  best,  will 
not  save  the  Indians  or  give  them  what  tbey  most  need.  A mere 
feeling  of  good  will  or  sentimental  kindliness  of  disposition 
toward  them,  even  if  it  were  universal,  would  not  greatly  avail 
in  practical  directions.  In  order  that  legislation  in  their  favor 
may  be  applied,  and  that  Indians  may  actually  receive  the  bene- 
fits which  legislation  is  intended  to  secure  for  them,  somebody 
must  undertake  to  give  attention  to  particular  cases  of  wrong  and 
hardship  as  they  arise,  and  must  employ  the  time,  labor  and 
money  required  in  the  investigation  and  defense  of  Indian  rights. 
We  are  approaching  the  end  of  the  period  when  mere  agitation 
can  accomplish  anything  of  great  value.  All  that  has  been  done 
for  the  Indians  will  be,  to  a great  extent,  futile,  and  will  soon 
become  inoperative,  unless  we  maintain  and  extend  the  work  of 
investigation,  and  of  practical,  effective  interference  with  the 
tendencies  and  influences  which,  working  unchecked,  would  soon 
destroy  and  eliminate  the  Indians.  It  is  this  practical  work  of 
investigation,  and  of  intelligent  championship  and  defense  of 
Indian  rights,  in  which  the  Indian  Rights  Association  is  engaged. 
It  is  needed  everywhere,  and,  in  proportion  as  its  means  will 
permit,  it  aims  to  be  everywhere  on  the  ground,  endeavoring 
first  to  understand  the  real  situation,  and  then  to  represent 
effectively  the  demands  of  justice  and  right. 


- >; 


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The  following  are  recent  publications  of  the  Indian 

Rights  Association: — 

The  Helplessness  of  the  Indians  before  the  Law,  with  an 
Outline  of  Proposed  Legislation.  By  the  Law  Committee 
of  the  Association. 

The  Indian  Problem;  a letter  to  the  Boston  Herald.  By  Mr. 
Herbert  Welsh. 

The  Fourth  .\nnual  Report  of  the  .Association,  x886. 
An  interesting  record. 

Prof.  C.  C.  Painter’s  Report  of  his  Recent  Visit  to  the 
Mission  Indians  of  California.  A document  of  the 
highest  value. 

Indian  Administration  ; a letter  to  the  New  York  Evening 
Post.  By  Mr.  Herbert  Welsh. 

-Needed  Legislation.  By  Mr.  Henry  S.  Pancoast,  Chairman 
of  the  Law  Committee.  Brief  but  important. 

Mr.  Harrison’s  Report — The  Latest  Studies  on  Indian 
Reservations — is  passing  through  the  press. 

.All  the  above  sent  free  on  application  (or  for  the  cost  of 

printing  when  our  friends  prefer). 

.Address 

THE  INDI.AN  RIGHTS  .\SSOCI.ATION, 

No.  1316  Filbert  Street, 


PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


Brld^toi.  Nev-J«raty. 

«UG  16  \M 


LIST  OF  OFFICERS  FOR  THE  YEAR  1887. 


PRESIDENT, 

DR.  JAMES  E.  RHOADS. 

VICE-PRESIDENT, 

CLEMENT  M.  BIDDLE. 

TREASURER, 

ROBERT  FRAZER. 

CORRESPONDING  SECRETARY, 

HERBERT  WELSH. 


RECORDING  SECRETARY 

A.  B.WEIMER. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 


Clement  M.  Biddle, 

W.  O.  Butler, 

F.  Hazen  Cope, 

Richard  C.  Dale, 
William  Drayton, 

Robert  Frazer, 

W.  W.  Frazier,  Jr., 

Philip  C.  Garrett, 

Rev.  J.  Andrews  Harris,  D. 
Prof.  E.  J.  James, 

Rt.  Rev.  O.  W. 


J.  Topliff  Johnson, 
James  McAllister, 
WisTAR  Morris, 
Charles  E.  Pancoast, 
Henry  S.  Pancoast, 

J.  Rodman  Paul, 

James  E.  Rhoads, 

Rev.  H.  L.  Wayland, 
D.,  A.  B.  Weimer, 
Herbert  Welsh, 
Whitaker,  D.D., 


